Japanese Medical Beliefs Essay Example for Free

Japanese Medical Beliefs EssayJapanese Medical Beliefs Medicine is either around us. It comes in all forms and all types of tactile sensations. Each person has their sustain beliefs on what medical specialty apprize do to or for the body. No matter what country one visits, there leave behind be a medical office to assist, however their views may vary that what one may be use to. In Japan, smoothgs are no unlike however, Japan has some beliefs that contrast other countries. The Japanese has received influence from other countries, such(prenominal) as the Chinese, but they book turned everything into their own. They possess their own superstitions, traditional medicine (including how they view modern medical needs), and varied types of current trends that they follow. Every country has its own superstitions. Certain things that are not allowed to happen on certain twenty-four hourss or even certain things must be kept away because of its substances. In 1998, an experi ment was done to see if the Japanese was apply the Taian-Butsumetsu superstition when discharging patients. The basis of the study was To determine the influence of superstition ab let out Taian (a lucky daytime)-Butsumetsu (an unlucky day) on decision to leave hospital.To estimate the costs of the piece of this superstition (Hira, Fukui, Endoh, Rahman, Maekawa, 1998). They took figures from patients discharged from Kyoto University Hospital from the beginning of April 1992 to the end of March of 1995, 3 years worth of patients. In the Japanese world, the Taian-Butsumetsu belief is related to the six day lunar calendar and affects the Japanese culture in a variety of ways since the Taian is suppose to be a lucky day where as the Butsumetsu is sibylline to mean unlucky.Due to this superstition, some patients have asked to extend their stay so that they discharge be released on the following Taian day, which means more costs to the hospitals. To spend a penny the most accurate data, they used hospital records and calculated the amount of days that patients were released on each day of the six lunar cycle, and then estimated the costs that the flank brought on to the hospital. They alike took into consideration the patients age and gender. The results showed that Of the 23677 patients discharged from the Kyoto University Hospital during the study period, 12613 (53. %) were female and 11064 (46. 7%) were male. The mean number of discharged patients was 21. 6 a day with the mean age 42. 3 years and the mean hospital stay 37. 1 days. The mean number, age, and hospital stay of discharged patients were highest on Taian and lowest on Butsumetsu. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant difference among the days of this cycle regarding the mean number, age, and hospital stay of discharged patients (Hira, Fukui, Endoh, Rahman, Maekawa, 1998). Reports also showed that 3. 3% of the discharged patients adjusted their discharge take care due to their belief in Taian.It goes on to state the estimation that the mean of a typical hospital charge was 12 600 yen a day. The pleonastic charges the patients caused the hospital to incur in order to stay to the next Taian, amount to 7. 4 million yen a year all due to a superstition. If the patients would have shorted their stay to a prior Taian, there could have been a savings of more or less 12. 1 million yen. Another superstition for the Japanese is inception type. According to superstitions, your blood type can tell your temperament and personality.A man named Furukawa Takeji suggested a link between the two after working in a high school and observing the temperamental differences between applicants. His theory suggests that type A were generally mild tempered and intellectual, while blood types B were opposite (Thatcher). This superstition has influenced the Japanese so much that some companies have actually grouped their workforce together depending on their blood type. In the 1920s and 30 s blood type grew more intriguing. Scientists in the west found that type B was common in Asia, but rare in Caucasians.As type B was typical in animals, they argued that Asians were inferior, lower on the evolutionary scale. Japan does have some forms of traditional medicine. They are required to have independent licensees for Kampo, stylostixis, moxibustion, and anma-massage-shiatsu. Kampo is only able to be performed by physicians with western medical concerns license. Acupuncture and moxibustion can be devoted by a person graduated from senior high school and later completed a 3 year education at one of the educational facilities specified.Acupuncture, moxibustion and anma are classified within the framework of the Japanese medical care system (Katai). Of these, Kampo seems to be the most widely used in Japan. Kampo medicine is widely good and is fully included into their modern healthcare system. The word Kampo means Han Method, which refers to Chinas herbal system which deve loped in the Han dynasty. It was used in old-fashioned China but is believed that Kampo came to Japan from Korea in the 5th or 6th century. In 1976, it was added to Japans national health insurance plan.Although it relies on herb formulas, it uses acupuncture, moxibustion and a some other components. 70 percent of physicians in Japan regularly prescribe it to their patients (Tanaka, 2010). It has been used by gynecologists, urologists, cardiologists and even gastrointestinal specialists. In order to determine the ripe formula for each patient, they require a sho. This is a diagnosis based on patients symptoms and patterns of disease. In 2007 Japans Society of eastern Medicine issued an evidence report which shows all the findings of the research published from 1999-2005. 8 papers were deemed qualified. Some double blind showings were, Hypertension related symptoms (flashed faces, etc. ) The establishment of Ourengedokuto (Huang Lian Jie Du Tang) decreased hypertension related sy mptoms (Muli-center study of 116 facilities) Upper Gastric Symptoms Rikkunshito (Liu Jun Zi Tang) was effective in decreasing upper GI discomfort and related complaints, such as a lack of appetite. Irritable Bowel Syndrome Administration of Keishikashakuyakuto (Gui Zhi Jia Shao Yao Tang) decreased abdominal pain among IBS patients.The effects were more pronounced among diarrhoea-dominant IBS cases. Muscle Cramping Shakuyakukanzouto (Shao Yao Gan Cao Tang) was effective for reducing heftiness cramping among cirrhosis patients. Obesity 24 weeks of administering Bofutsuseisan (Fang Feng Tong Sheng San) decreased visceral fats and waist circle, as well as improved insulin resistance among obese female patients. Allergic coryza Shouseiryuto (Xiao Qing Long Tang) was effective in improving symptoms of allergic rhinitis (Tanka, 2010).Another form of traditional medicine is Acupuncture and Shiatsu massage. Acupuncture is where highly thin needles are gently placed in certain areas of your body. It can be uses to help balance the flow of energy through pathways in the body or can be used to stimulate nerves, muscles and tissue. It can be a more natural way of making the body feel better, without medication. Shiatsu is a massage that is used to relax people. The massage therapist uses hand, thumbs, elbows and knees to help dig into the more knotted areas of the body. It is an acupressure therapy.By using these additional parts of the body, they can use their whole body to endure more pressure onto the person in order to offset tension. The difference between acupuncture and acupressure is that acupuncture uses needles, where as acupressure uses body part to dig into the tissue. Some people do not truly understand the alternative ways. The biggest misconception about alternative medicine is that its just a different procedurethat one can just replace it with conventional medicine, like taking an herb instead of a pill. (Gray 2009). The Japanese also has strong views on medical beliefs.Things such as organ transplants are strongly discouraged due to Japans belief. In 1987, the Medical Association declared wizard death to be equivalent to the death of a benevolent organism (Masahiro, 1995). Some Japanese doctors practice closed-door medicine, which is where the doctor fails to properly specify patients about their condition or straight out lies to them about it. A study in 1992 showed that only 20% of terminal cancer patients knew they had cancer because of the doctors decision to inform them on the truth. This shows that 80% of patients were lied to or told nothing. Masahiro, 1995) Due to this, Through the brain death controversy quite a hardly a(prenominal) people expressed great fear that in the process of the determination of brain death and transplantation no information might be given to family members, and in the worst case that the doctors might lie to family members. Some pointed out the possibility that doctors might psychologically th reaten the family members if they refuse to agree to organ donations from a brain-dead relative. As time passed, it appeared that Japan accepted modern technology in almost every form except human birth and death.Research has shown that they believed a dead person goes to the next world as a soul. If parts of that body were to be donated, then body as a whole would not be together, thus making the soul unhappy in the next world. The Japanese has however become more willing to use terms such as informed consent or patients rights. It appears as if Japans beliefs will simply be based off of their own cultural beliefs, as oppose to something such as the Euro-American beliefs. Due to the fast paced living in Japan, they have begun trends to help ease the stressed out society and bring forth relaxation.They have capable oxygen bars, nap salons and animal therapy. In oxygen bars, you can have personal flavored oxygen cans that can help bring you energy and provide reinvigorated air. You can also purchase them at salons and beauty halls. The canisters, such as Big Oxs helpfully informs that oxygen is an essential gas for human beings and claims that its 89 per cent oxygen blend (normal air contains about 21 per cent) can help boost energy, particularly during exercise (Feelgood, 2008). In recent years, major(ip) cities in Japan have opened nap salons. A particular salon in Tokyo, Napia has over 1,500 members.Fatigued office workers can take a brief lunchtime nap on a daybed there for roughly equivalent of $4. 50 (US). Sleep studies have shown that their naps should not go beyond 30 proceeding because it is then more likely for them to fall into a deep sleep and end up waking up feeling extremely groggy. To help ensure that customers do not sleep beyond 30 minutes, they provide customers with coffee right before their nap. Since it generally take 20 minutes for the caffeine to kick in, they can get a quick nap in, then the caffeine will kick in and allow the person to have a more natural wake up (Faiola, 2006).Some Japanese companies have even gotten their health insurance providers to cover the fees for nap salons. If they have not succeeded in that route, they simply take naps at their desk during lunchtime. This way they are not only getting their nap in but the office lights are being turned off which is saving energy. In Japan, bathing in mineral waters is popular as a health-promotion practice. (Miller, 2007) Onsen, which is a hot spring, is in their belief to be opposite of everything in their normal crazy lifestyle.It represents an opportunity for the Japanese to melt down the hierarchical nature of society through mutual nakedness and intimacy (Onsen, 2006-7). It is pretty much a public bath with natural hot spring water for them to use in order to relax from their feverous work schedules. It is their belief that the water holds healing powers. There are a few different types of hot springs Simple Springs, Carbonate Springs, Salt Spr ings, Sodium convert Springs, Iron Springs, Acidic Springs, Sulfur Springs and Radium Hot Springs. Most people sit back quietly and enjoy the silence that surrounds them while bathing for roughly 20-30 minutes. The extremely acid hot spring Onsen water is believed to ease neuralgia, alleviate muscle pain and the symptoms of chronic skin disease. It also relieves chronic fatigue and stress. Since antediluvian patriarch times, Onsen water has been renowned to help maintain a beautiful skin. In addition to its other health and beauty benefits, the hot springs energize the metabolism. The Onsen experience is also cognize to calm nerves and put the bather in a relaxed, meditative state (Onsen, 2006-7) Unfortunately today there are only iii hot spring resorts remaining.One is Kusatsu Thermal Spring which is in a small town roughly two and a half hours from Tokyo by train. It can either be visited for the day, or turned into a mini vacation. If only wanting to spend a day, you can visi t one of 18 public hot springs in the town for a quick fix. Another location is Gero Thermal Spring. It is roughly three and a half hours from Tokyo by train to Nagoya, then about an hour and a half to Gifu, where Gero is located. Here, you can stay at one of the resorts or visit the public springs which allows you to test out three of the twenty.The final is Arima Onsen Thermal Spring. This final spring is roughly three hours from Tokyo then another 30 minutes to Kobe, where Arima is located. This spa is the oldest spa known to the country. Here, there is a public theme park which holds 17 hot springs. Another trend is fish pedicures. At some Onsen Springs, there are spas where you can dip you feet into the water and have these fish eat the dead skin off your feet. Although they are considered flesh eating they actually have no teeth, meaning that you will not get bitten.They basically suck the dead skin and cells off, leaving your skin silky smooth. No matter what country you look at, each will have its own beliefs on medicine. Some are traditional and some may by alternative. Japan is widely known for having a miscellanea of each. While receiving influence from other countries, Japan has incorporated other medical approaches into their own. They have their own superstitions, traditional medicine (including how they view modern medical needs), and different types of current trends that they follow.

The Effects of Poverty on the Inner City Family Values Essay Example for Free

The Effects of P everyplacety on the cozy City Family Values EssayThe family is the basic unit of the society. It is an institution that is composed of the father, m opposite and their children. It canful be said that the existence of the family is a simple matter but we should realize that the conglomeration of families is what makes up the humanness today. The existence of families is governed by family value that argon passed from generation to generation. Family values atomic number 18 proven to be centreive in keeping families intact no matter how dynamic the world is. In other(a) words, the inability to maintain and practice family values at home makes a family chaotic thereby affecting the society as a whole.There ar various family values that are utilized and practiced by families worldwide. However, most of the common values include individuality, integrity, attention, knowledge, compassion, love of family and optimism (L createing Family, 1999, p. 1). These va lues are useful in keeping family cooperation and order that provide result to happiness at home. Moreover, we are aware that family values affect how we face the realities of bearing. Our values can manifest to others round what kind of people we are, and can assist them in understanding our actions (Learning Family, 1999, p.1). In this paper, the primary pointor that could affect family values is the line of beggary that surfaced in the world today. This paper will give a simple yet thorough discussion of the effects of poverty on real and comprehend families found in the intragroup urban center and their values. The basic manifestations of poverty are overpopulation, food shortage and related problems, high crime rate and poor educational background of which family values can be applied in solving for these problems. Poverty and Its Effects to Actual and Perceived Inner City Family ValuesPoverty is a problem that hits the whole world. Many countries are suffering from p overty and its constituents always hope for changes. Having families forced to fill the streets due to inability to afford a house is a reality. Even in the United States, there people who are found in the streets as they could not afford to own a house (Wattenberg, et. als. , 2003, p. 517). It is for a fact that the United States has been considered as a country that has the highest national income worldwide (Wattenberg, et. als., 2003, p. 517). Yet, poverty still exists due to unequal distribution of income and wealth. Due to this situation, legion(predicate) families are becoming malfunctioned as their children caused so many problems in the society. Family values are no longer frequently taught among children since juvenile delinquency is rampant nowadays. There are two kinds of families that we need to deal with in analyzing family values in relation to poverty in the inner(a) city and these are the true family and the perceived inner city family.In order to have a basic bac kdrop in understanding the paper, it should be put in mind that these two kinds of family will be analyzed with respect to distributively manifestation of poverty together with the family values mentioned earlier. Hence, the purpose of this paper is trying to stress the differences in views between the actual and the perceived poor inner city family. Schools are getting problems of truancy as a sign that parents can no longer control their children in their homes. Parents are more focalizationed in solving financial problems that they tend to forge their childrens emotional and psychological needs.Overpopulation and Its Effects to Actual and Perceived Inner City Families The problem of poverty includes population growth. As time continues to exist, the number of people living in this world also increases. In line with that, life expectancy as well as standards of living became more complicated. Besides, the populace has developed into a huge number that is about six billion, and c ontinues to increase over time (Overpopulation Website, 2008, p. 1). In addition to that, the pressures of rising populations on natural resources and commercial greed coalesce, resulting to detrimental consequences (Overpopulation Website, 2008, p.1). As many people exist, there is shortage of topographic point in cities wherein most families live to earn a living. Housing problems occur and the government is trying to resolve the issue. Due to the rising number of unemployed people, homeless person families continue to increase. Children start to show disgust in the situation leading them to stray in the streets. Aside from that, many families stay in the streets to earn a living by selling whatever materials to passersby and run errands to other people. Besides, those people in the countryside try to relocate into inner cities in order to search for scotch opportunities.This situation adds to the burden of having a congested place in the urban and suburban communities. Diseases that affect the people living in the cities continue to be a problem since clean water supply is limited. In other words, overpopulation greatly affects those families who live in the inner cities since all other huge problems related to poverty exist there. For a detailed analysis on the effects of poverty on the actual inner city family values, we need to consider the matters discussed earlier. The main focus in this section is the effects of poverty on the actual families in inner cities and their values.Considering overpopulation, there are family values that are utilized by actual families. These values include industry, compassion, and optimism. Actual inner city poor families are aware of the value of industry, compassion and optimism. First and foremost, the hardships that these families need to bear require an cheerful heart so that life can be fully enjoyed. Small amount of food can be shared by family members and a few clothing supply can be used by them. However, actua l families are weak in terms of compassion since they would not care for other peoples welfare as long as their own families can survive.The future is that a family of three members who are earning the minimum wage in the year 2009 can still considered as living below the federal poverty line. The only family values that can prevent this situation are industry since there is no other way. Yet, because of poor educational background leading to poor qualification in work with better pay make the family members indolent. The effect of poverty on the value of industry is very severe as long financial crisis may result to inadequacy of work qualifications.Actual families and its members usually blame each other in their poor educational background due to the coming of more family members leading to more mouths to feed. Parents are always darned by their children of their inability to afford for the educational needs of their children. As a result, the value of industry never worked ou t due to lack of work qualification. In addition, poor actual families view poverty as something that they do not deserve as they thought they worked hard to earn a living. Whatever it may be, the actual families still believes that no matter how hard life is, optimism is a value that should not be discarded.On the other hand, the views of perceived families on inner city values are much more different than views of actual family. The perceived family in the inner city viewed overpopulation as the failure of the government to telephone the issue. Perceived families most likely blamed the government for not giving then sufficient work opportunities that resulted to their economic difficulties. Aside from that, perceived families living in urban and suburban communities do not care about the value of compassion. Most frequently, people in inner cities who are poor fight against each other over little resources.Their dire needs of living allowance made them inactive to the welfare of other people but for themselves. In addition, perceived families in inner cities are not optimistic in nature. They tend to submit to negative actions just to escape poverty. There are so many cases of theft, robbery and even rape that exist in perceived families due to the inability of family members and even neighbors to help each other. The scarce resources in the inner city due to overpopulation pushed young children to wander in the streets for possible alms and donations.Just think of the existing people in the streets begging for food and basic necessities, perceived families in the inner cities experienced these things. However, the value of industry is something that is treasured by perceived families on inner cities. This is due to the fact that if they will not work to earn a living, they have nothing to eat. Their children will suffer more due to lack of sustenance. Poor perceived families on inner cities could be aware of the fact that only a sincere industry could give them a chance to earn a living.

Minimizing Verb Tense Errors

Minimizing Verb Tense ErrorsIn 21st century, globalization, development of in changeion technology and increase of population in incline learners expand interests and demands on English musical composition acquirements (Warschauer, 2000). This gets connected to interests on effective composition strategies and it leads to promote development of effective English composition approach.While facilitating at a school of secondary level as bookman-teachers the researchers were able to nonice that most scholarly persons induct a bun in the oven a lot of difficulties when it comes to constitution activities during English classes. It was also unmistakable when nonp aril of the researchers was checking second year students formal theme report. They are regularly required to write formal theme theme, and it was found out that most of them compose commit well-formed misapprehensions. Although, they are monthly given time to write journal entries as written material activities, researchers could not observe clear improvements on their indite outputs. English teachers at Paco Catholic School (PCS) usu each in ally check students thoughts inside essays however not for grammatical errors in depth. When checking formal theme writing, the content is usually prioritized rather than grammar.As mentioned above, since writing is one of the satisfying factors in learning and command ESL and referable to the existence of many riddleatic domain of a functions in writing, this field of operations aims to defecate awareness somewhat some L2 writing difficulties among learners and teachers with possible solutions to it.Problem Description and DocumentationThe present study is an attempt to observe and analyze the quests or so unique(predicate) difficulties among high school second year students in writing class. The data for this study are based on the analysis of formal theme writing, survey questionnaires given to the students, and interview of teacher. Analysis of Grammatical Errors in Formal Theme paperThe researchers sedate and analyzed the formal theme of students from one naval division (II-13) in grade to carry some information near common grammatical areas that students commit errors. The purpose of this document analysis is to establish that the second year, function thirteen students have problems with their grammar problems in writing expertnesss. First, formal theme of 40 students was checked by foc use on grammar. Overall, ten grammatical areas were classified, including verb form, tenses, verbs, preposition, pronoun, connectives, infinitives, article, spot of adjectives, and fragmentary. With all those areas, 324 grammatical errors were committed by the participants. Also, among those grammatical errors, verb tenses was identified as the highest rate by getting more than half percent.Taking the mean values of the general errors, the results indicate four most common errors that the students made, which are ve rb tenses (5.25), verb forms (1.1), passed by pronouns (0.65), and preposition (0.55). The next visible error was verbs and infinitives (0.2) while article is account 0.075 respectively. Next are connectives, degree of adjectives and fragmentary (0.025).This implies that the students have difficulty in the use of verb tenses when writing their formal theme. Through the results, researchers could figure out that most students fai lead to be consistent in using verb tenses. Even though they were discussing about the past events, past and present tenses were used alternatively. According to Darus and Subramaniam (2009), mistaken application of verb tense can be seen when the students did not oblige the proper tense to the verb in the sentences. convey to say, it can be assumed that most of the students are not conscious of the different rules about tenses application. As an example, one student wroteOne day I have my family problem and I tell her (my friend) about this she listen a nd I cant expect that she tell my family problem to other people From the result of the formal theme writing, it was found out that in that respect are grammatical areas for students to improve in their writing activities, especially mark use of verb tenses. Thus, it will be a big help for them if they receive error subject feedback from the teacher, either the feedback is implicit or explicit. It would be much fail if the students check the feedback over and over, so that they will learn from the experiences and be aware of their mistakes or errors.Survey Questionnaire ResultsOn October 18, 2012, the survey was conducted with one section (II-13) at Paco Catholic School. One of the researchers facilitated thirty-five students to respond on survey questionnaire. Among forty students (whose formal theme writings were analyzed), only thirty-five students were involved in this Survey due(p) to out of school activity. About thirty minutes were taken to conduct this survey.The questi onnaire is managed with the aim of collecting data on the personal information of the respondents ideas of writing feedback. most of the survey questionnaires items (from 2 to 5) are based on Ishiis (2011) study (Refer APPENDIX B). This question adopts 5-Likert scale item (1=poor 2=fair 3= intimately 4=excellent and 5=perfect).First of all, researchers would like to show the results of the subjective interpretation of the participants writing skill stands in class. The results showed that more than half of the respondents feel that their writing skill stands at fair. Followed by 28.57% answered their writing skill stands at good, 17.14% of students stated their writing skill stands at poor and lastly only 2.86% of students answered their writing skill stands at excellent.Next finding is on how often they read over their composition a come through when teacher returns their formal theme writing with score. Figure 2 indicates percentages of the responses given to this question. Most o f the students stated that they seldom read over their composition when teacher returns formal theme writing.The other result is intimateing out whether they check create verbally comments or correction of teacher carefull or not. Figure 3 showed that 60% of respondents rarely check teachers comments and correction carefully. While only one student stated that she always checks teachers comments and correction carefully.Next survey question revealed the result of how they treat importance of having hardly a(prenominal) errors in English as possible in their written work. Figure 4indicates the percentages of the responses given to the questions on how they treat importance of having few errors in their written activities. The results showed that 42.86 % of the students think it is somewhat important having few errors in written activities while only 17% of respondents think it is very important having few errors in written activities.As similar with previous question, following question is reported how respondents treat importance of teacher points out grammatical errors in their written output. The results indicated 26 students, that constitute 74% of the whole population, consider a teacher point out grammatical errors on their written output in class is important. While none of the respondents think there is no importance on pointing grammatical errors in their written work.The respondents were also asked about whether they are conscious about grammatical errors when doing written works in class or not. Figure 6 shows that 19 respondents are sometimes conscious about grammatical errors while only one respondent said that she is always conscious about grammatical errors when doing written works in class.Interview of the TeacherMs. Azuilo is an English teacher of second year high school students at Paco Catholic School (PCS). She has been teaching for four years. This year, Ms. Azuilo is handling three boys classes (sections 10, 12 14) and two girls clas ses (sections 11 13). Researchers observed and taught on all five of Ms. Azuilos classes during practicum at PCS. Since Ms. Azuilo was the one, who suggested to the researchers to write about participants problematic area in writing, researchers decided to have an oral interview with her for a violate understanding of this problem. The interview was conducted last October 18, 2012 inside the High School English skill room and the interview took about twenty minutes.The first question was about particular difficulties her students seem to encounter when they deal with writing activities. Her response was thatIt would be the grammar usage. When it comes to content, their thoughts are good but the grammar is not.In relation to first question, Ms. Azuilo was asked that if they commit any grammatical errors in their writing activities. She mentioned thatThey do, specifically the verb tenses, as well as subject-verb reason and some with the pronoun antecedent agreements. The students w ere able to use the grammar properly during the lessons, but since they can use English only during the lesson and not at home, they tend to tardily blank out the correct grammar usage.Lastly, researchers asked how the students deal with those difficulties and what teachers usually do to deal with their difficulties. Her response was thatSome of the students would have interventions, remedial or even ask questions to the teachers for clarifications. on that pointfore, I would usually have remediation classes or but talk to the students personally. I also edit their papers and puts in the right grammar usage on it.Description of Work shotThis study will be conducted in Paco Catholic School (PCS), an educational institution known as the largest Catholic school in South einsteinium Asia that first opened its doors in 1912 by the Franciscan missionaries. PCS is currently celebrating its 100th Foundation Anniversary or its Centennial Year this 2012. Co-institutional system is imple mented in PCS where the girls and the boys are separated into different sections (i.e. odd numbers for girls and even numbers for boys sections) PCS is divided into three departments Early Childhood Education, Grade School, and High School Department.There is an average of 45 students in each class. There are bulletin board, teachers desk, air-conditioner (only for the boys sections), mini-library, plasma television, and blackboard in each classroom. The seating arrangement is traditional in most classrooms in a way that all the students are facing in front.Writers RoleThe sources are currently having their Practice Teaching or Practicum as student teachers in Paco Catholic School (PCS). The Practicum will last for three months, starting from September 2012 to December of the same year. It is required for them to accomplish 170 hours of have teaching, 10 hours of classroom observation, and 120 hours of corroboratory activities. From Mondays to Thursdays, the writers have Practicu m from 7 a.m. to 1130 a.m. On Fridays, they stay in PCS for whole day, from 7 a.m. to 330 p.m. One was assigned to handle second year and the other to handle third year English classes.Generally, English subject for secondary level consists of publications and grammar. So far, the writers were assigned to facilitate the classes about the students reporting and assigned to facilitate the lessons more on grammar in English. Before conducting the lessons, the cooperating teachers require to make lesson plans according to the format of PCS (i.e. Understanding by Design Lesson Plan).Review of Related LiteratureAccording to British capital of South Carolina Ministry of Education (1999), English as a Second linguistic process (ESL) is defined as what refers students, those whose mother tongue nomenclature(s) or phrase(s) of the home, is other than English and who whitethorn therefore necessitate supplementary learning in order to take in up proficiency in English or it simply refers students who speak disparities of English that differ profoundly from the standard English.Writing with using different voice communication is proved to be very difficult than writing with ones native wrangle. Thus, ESL educators are often finding that there are some common mistakes among L2 writers make. Generally, these mistakes appeal when the writers go for the rule of their native languages rather than their new languages rules (British Columbia Ministry of Education, 1999).According to Supaproofread (n.d.), unfortunately, little errors among L2 writers paper can distract reader from what they actually try to deliver from written output. Proper usage to write numbers, capitalization, when to expend the article a or an, appropriate usage of verb tenses and having the subject and verb agreement in numbers are a main mistakes as an ESL writer might make. Meaning to say, committing grammatical error in writing is very common for L2 learners. For those students who do not have comme il faut language background, to articulate what they try to deliver in intelligible way is difficult in writing (Supaproofread, n.d.).Growing significance of English in L2 writing is becoming gradually more dominant in both instructive programs and in proficient writing in non-English dominant countries (Leki, 2001, cited in Giridharan Robson, 2012). Although, academic writing is an aspiration skill in secondary students, academic writing is ofttimes recognized as irresistible among L2 learners due to lack of grammatical and vocabulary suitable (Giridharan Robson, 2012).In the context of this paper, the participants are all learners of English as Second Language (ESL). In this respect, ESL learning, specifically second language writing, becomes an important aspect of this study. verity in Second Language WritingWriting is normally viewed as a complex skill and a difficult task (Graham, Harris Mason, 2005, cited in Jahin Idrees, 2012). This is frequently pointed to its i ntrinsically multifaceted features which mentioned by Wall (1981) as a range from mechanical control to creativity, with good grammar, knowledge of subject matter, awareness of stylistic conventions and unlike mysterious factors in between.According to Abu-Rass (2001), writing is a procedure for the writers throughout the investigation of thoughts and ideas, and the writers build them to be concise and concrete. It is a quite complicated skill for both native and nonnative speakers identical. In writing, learners should have sense of balance in various issues such as content, organization, purpose, audience, vocabulary, punctuation, spelling, and grammar structure. Thus, writing is particularly intricate for nonnative speakers because they are expected to produce written outputs that show mastery of all the aforesaid matters in a new language (Abu-Rass, 2001).Verb Tenses as a dominant problem in Second Language WritingThe Writing Center (2009) reported that the top rated common gr ammatical error in writing is an irrational usage of verb tenses. Moreover, it is proven that the participants of this study were found to be committing verb tense mistakes very commonly in their formal theme writing composition. Verb tense errors are not only committed by non-native English writers, but also native English writers. According to Lane and Lange (2011), verb-tense errors are worldwide (more serious) errors which builds a piece of writing to be complicated for the reader to comprehend content. Verb tenses express the time in sentence. Since the time controls a significant factor to deliver a message, a writer must be able to manage verb tenses in order for the reader to comprehend when actions and events go on (Lane Lange, 2011). In addition, writers necessitate controlling verb tenses in order to converse other information such as duration (as combat to the completion of an event in the past). To summarize, proper usage of verb tense is a significant factor in writi ng because if writers did not (or are not able to) manage verb tenses, readers will have a big difficulty following the furtherance of events in writing (The Writing Center, 2009).In another article, titled Inconsistent Tenses by Beckham (n.d.), the dominant problem encountered by ESL students is the verb tenses of their writing and more specifically, the consistency of usages in verb tenses. According to Beckham (n.d.), all the way through an ESL writing composition, it is not unusual to see tenses are messed up within incorrect form. As mentioned above, committing an error of verb tenses in writing composition is not only a concern for second language writers but also for native English writing students.Beckham (n.d.) specified with ESL students that they utilize verb tense errors very commonly in their written outputs. He further reported that there are some(prenominal) reasons for it. Second language writers may be confused about how to form the verb tense properly since sele cting a proper verb tense is a complicated task for ESL students. In other words, they may convey the verb tense mistakenly due to lack of knowledge about proper usages of verb tense (e.g. irregular verb, present and past forms of verb, etc.). Another reason is that there may be different rules about using verb tenses in their mother tongue language hence, ESL students tend to apply their mother-tongue languages grammar rules in English grammar alike British Columbia Ministry of Educations (1999) study as mentioned above (Beckham, n.d.). Also, it is related with the study of Escamilla and Hopewell (2007). They further discussed about it through code-switching1theory. They asserted that ESL students do not easily convert skills, strategies and languages transversely students may relocate themselves and their understandings living and growing up in concurrent worlds. This kind of code-switching is obvious in the theoretical code-switches. Particularly where learners appropriately dis played that when they lived experiences in one language and were inquired to notify about them in a second language, they necessitated utilizing code-switching to precisely explain the event (Escamilla Hopewell, 2007).Form-Focused InstructionIn order for Second Language learners to have meliorate application about forms of verb-tenses in writing composition, researchers decided to integrate Form-focused Instruction (FFI) in present study. The Form-focused Instruction refers to any planned or incidental instructional activity that is intended to induce language learners to pay attention to linguistic form (Ellis, 2001 1-2). In Spada and Lightbrowns (2008) study, they use the terms isolated and integrated form-focused instruction. Isolated FFI in language activities is separated from communicative language use in teaching language forms, while in integrated FFI, the language learners are taught the language forms with faction of communicative or content-based activities. The limi tation of isolated grammar lessons is that it may be hard for learners to retrieve learned language features through isolation when applying in the context of communicative interaction.In this reason, this paper will highlight more on integrated FFI where the students will be taught the selected language form by being exposed to communicative activities, in order for students to be able to retrieve and apply forms (i.e. verb tense).In the study of Han (2002) titled A Study of the Impact of Recasts on Tense accord in L2 Output, Han tried to check out on whether recasts would help L2 learners maintain tense consistency in their written output. With the participants, who are divided into groups of recast and non-recast groups, written and oral tasks were administered. In giving treatment, the participants were given form-focused exercises in relation to the past and present tenses. Han used cartoon strips with consideration of the participants interest and familiarity as well as in general because its stories can be described with the mention of a past or present time when narrating. The participants were first to see the cartoon strip for a few minutes and then write the story based on it. It was revealed that recasts helped students in maintaining tense consistency in written outputs.Error Feedback on Student WritingTo integrate Form-focused Instruction (FFI) in intervention of this study, researchers will utilize Error Feedback as a method. However, giving an error feedback in writing has been a disputed topic as many related studies argued the efficacy in helping develop students linguistic accuracy in students writing. This controversial issue is the momentum for special studies that attempts to take in hand whether written error feedback smooths the progress in second language acquisition. In relation to the error feedback on student writing, there are two fundamental issues, which are adequacy of teacher feedback and student uptake of error feedback. The teachers role is crucial in many ways in order to provide accurate and adequate corrective feedback. Through the investigation of student or learner uptake, it is a good way to see how students cognitively perceive teachers corrective feedback.In study of Ellis (2009, cited in Vyatkina, 2011), the effectiveness of Error Feedback is written as context-dependent. She discussed about several specific shells of error feedback and said those specific feedbacks may be advantageous for the improvement of particular second language learner writing abilities in specific instructive contexts. Feedback can be offered as a coachion for ultimate writing development (as far as learners are with apprehension) (Hyland, 2003). In the study of Chandler (2003), he experimented about whether teacher feedback in several types of errors could help East Asian college learners get better their writing accuracy and whether the effects would remain the rest of one semester. The results indicated that f ormal accuracy of student writing developed significantly.As there are varying options accessible to teachers to offer Writing restorative Feedback (WCF), teachers need to take into account the appropriateness of each depending on learners language level (Herrera, 2011). Language teachers have a duty to help learners to revise errors, in particular, regarding the fact that the learners worth and expect teachers feedback on their written outputs (Jimena, Tedjaatmadja Tian, 2005). Meaning to say, language instructors play several significant roles as followsOnce language teachers have an authoritative in classroom, they should have the right to settle down objectives of what the students have to attain in the writing class (Crme Lea, 1997 Scott, 1996). However, level of students should be taken into consideration in this part, so that students will be able to achieve the expectations of teachers (Ferris, 2003). Therefore, language instructors need to amend anticipation of students a chievements and teaching strategies to fit the students level. In this part, the teacher also should classify common errors what learners might make so that they will gain some ideas of what to do next with teachers teaching methodology (Leech, 1994).According to Jimena et al. (2005), language instructor also has a role as a designer teachers should, for all time, concern about what is best fittingly for students. Teachers should modernize themselves with what is currently going on inside the classroom. It is to be able to make accurate educational polish and also to apply exacting error correction schemes to language classroom instruction. If possible, teachers have to be advocated to interchange information, experience and knowledge with other colleagues to enlarge their insights, and to obtain new ideas on error correction schemes (Jimena et al., 2005).In order to make available correction to students, teachers must take an action as scholars, who are fully attained with knowled ge of the target language, such as grammar, vocabulary to facilitate them with supplying correction to students writing (Leech, 1994).Another role as a language instructor is that they need to enhance learners self-confidence and coach them to be more independent in their learning (Ferris, 2002). At this moment, teachers will help learners to rate their soulfulness errors then learners will have more time to pay attention to those errors (Ferris, 2002 Xiang, 2004).In the study of Wright (1987), learners affective surface also acts as a significant factor in improving their language growth. However, giving error feedback is unlikable practice for learners since some of them feel frustrated to be corrected their error. This is the reason wherefore teachers have to encourage and persuade students to welcome their questions and worries. Encouraging comments, compliments about good points on their written outputs are also cooperative to motivate students to follow more (Wright, 1987). When it comes to learners uptake of corrective feedback on writing, it is more on learners cognitive processes. Due of the difficulty in data collection, few studies have been investigated this area. Those studies have collected cognitive feedback processing data through think-aloud protocols, retrospective interviews, or pair discussions, including the observations about depth of processing and learners attitudes toward the feedback provided (Storch Wigglesworth, 2010). In the study of Storch and Wigglesworth (2010), titled Learners Processing, Uptake, and Retention of tonic Feedback on Writing, they implemented a case study composed of three sessions. The authors utilized pair discussions in order to collect data about the participants cognitive processing when given different types of corrective feedback. The discussions between all the pairs were audio-recorded. Through this study, it was found out that extensive engagement with the feedback on errors of certain grammatical ar eas led to high levels of uptake. In the case of this study, it could be better if extensive engagement with feedback on verb tenses might lead to uptake and correct use of these verb tenses (Storch Wigglesworth, 2010).Counter-Argument on do of Error Feedback on Student WritingRegardless of the arguments, as mentioned above, the effects of error feedback has been controversy on whether error feedback helps L2 students improve the accuracy and the quality of their writing. Truscott (2007) showed a strong view against error feedback through his several studies. He argued that all forms of error feedback of ESL learners in writing are not only unsuccessful but also damaging and should be abandoned. Moreover, he gave attention to that although most ESL learners evidently need grammatical error feedback, teachers should not give it to them (Truscott, 2007).Truscotts (2007) review of studies written within several studies (Kepner, 1991 Semke, 1984 Sheppard, 1992, cited in Bitchener et a l., 2005), it is claimed that error correction does not have a significant effect on improving L2 student writing. Given this issue, Truscott (2007) sought to investigate the effect of three different types of feedback on the accuracy performance of three targeted linguistic error categories in new pieces of writing (Bitchener et al., 2005). The study found that the type of feedback provided did not have a significant effect on accuracy when the three targeted error categories were considered as a single group (Bitchener et al., 2005). From this finding, one could easily jump to the conclusion that Truscott (1996) was right when he claimed that the provision of corrective feedback on L2 writing is ineffective.Ferris (1999 2002 2004) on the other hand, makes a stand for the use of error correction in writing instruction. In her opinion Truscotts (1996) conclusions are premature. She reasons that results from prior research have shown to be inconclusive because of its inadequate metho dology, with the main problem that most studies did not include a proper control group. Hence, she argues that well organized or constructed study must be arising with unless any conclusions can be drawn about the incompetence of error feedback to develop learners upcoming writing (Ferris, 2002).Direct and Indirect FeedbackIt may be helpful to define some of the terms associated with corrective feedback in the literature. Two important terms are direct and indirect feedback (Ferris Hedgcock, 1998 Ferris Roberts, 2001 Lalande, 1982 Robb, Ross Shortreed, 1986 Terry, 1989 Zamel, 1985, cited in Jafarpour Sharifi, 2012).Several studies have been compared between the effect of direct and indirect Written Corrective Feedback (WCF). These studies are controversially indicating ambiguous results. For example, Ferris (2003, cited in Vyatkina, 2011) figured out that indirect WCF strategies are more beneficial than direct WCF, while Chandler (2003) asserted that a better accuracy upgrading results are within direct WCF strategy, and Robb et al. (1986, cited in Vyatkina, 2011) mentioned no distinction between the two WCF strategies.According to Lee (2003), direct feedback refers to overt correction of student errors, that is, teachers locating and correcting errors for students, while indirect feedback refers to teachers indicating errors without correcting them for students. For direct location of errors, teachers put the symbols, codes or comments right above or next to the errors by indicating underlines or circles on the errors. For indirect location of errors, teachers simply put a code or symbol in the margin on a certain line where the error is indicated to identify the error type (Lee, 2003). Though Ferris (2006) points out that those codes have not always been used consistently among researchers, she also distinguished direct feedback from indirect feedback. She said that direct feedback is provided when a teacher gives the student a particular correction, Fer ris calls it as coded, and indirect feedback is provided when the teacher simply marks the error but does not correct it, termed as un-coded. According to Ferris (2006), in providing indirect feedback, some teachers tend to put marks on the mistakes to indicate the exact location and type of error, while others provide un-coded feedback that simply locates the error without directly revealing the error type. It then becomes the students task to check over and over again and correct the mistakes by seeing un-coded feedback (Ferris, 2006).Acting upon this call, this study will report on investigation on the effect of error feedback on students accuracy of new pieces of writing. The researchers will compare the effectiveness of direct error feedback and indirect error feedback with two different experimental treatments.PurposeThe purpose of this action research is to investigate an intervention that would help reducing grammatical errors in ESL learners written outputs regarding the pr ovision of error feedback. Through researchers observation on survey questionnaire and analysis of formal theme writing, researchers were able to notice that only a few learners have no problems to write with clear grammar usages (e.g. verb tense). Moreover, during interview of teacher, researchers were able to confirm that participants of this study lack proficiency in writing with English language due to the only uses of English during English class but not at home. Therefore, they tend to easily forget the correct grammar usage. In this part, researchers felt a need for teachers to provide an error feedback on their written output in order for learners to be aware of their weaknesses in writing proficiency and to be conscious about grammatical knowledge even they are in where mother tongue language is primarily used. Therefore, this study is purposed to conduct PCS secondary schools that adopted a language sensitive appr

The Tourism Promotion In Social Media Media Essay

The Tourism Promotion In Social Media Media EssayIn the past few years, hearty media play a significant eccentric not only in media industry, but in any case in other industries. It is demonstrable that in short- barrier of future, the influence of social media will overtake traditional media. Currently, there atomic number 18 many reports hand over collected the data of social media. found on the data collected by Kern (2012, p, 1) assert, Facebook has more than approximately 950 million active hirers in 2012, and almost 300 million photos uploaded per day, as soundly as around 2.5 billion content items managed per day. In addition, Barnett (2012, p, 1) point out, according to the data collected by Twopcharts, which is a third party cheep analysis firm, the online social networking application Twitter have around 500 million registered users in 2012, and more than a billion tweets a week. In wrong of YouTube, Smith (2012, p, 1) clamed, in the worldwide, there are 4 bill ion video views per day. Moreover, nearly ten hours of content were uploaded to YouTube in every minute (Kaplan Haenlein, 2010, p, 59). Furthermore, based on a report from Shi (2012, p, 11) purposed, 43 percent of Fortune 500 companies recognized the significant of social media in 2009.The world has changed dramatically since using social media, and alike use this is a trend in the worldwide. Compare to western countries, a term of social media in China also has obvious development. However, based on the censorship of China, western social media sites, such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, are blocked. As a result, Chinese firms demonstrable Chinese visions of social media platforms. Shi (2012, p, 15) indicated, based on the data from China Internet Network Information Center, there are around 235 million Chinese social media users in 2011.2.2.1 Definition of Social Media everyplace the last few years, many scholars pay management on the definition of social media. Each of them superpower reflect different features of social media. Based on studies by Kaplan and Haenlein (2010, p, 61) define, social media is a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that al low the creation and exchange of user-generated. In addition, as an member by Poynter (2010, p, 24) indicated, social media, which is hard to define, is based on one-to-many model towards a many-to-many model, which allow users share, make out content, video and photo. Furthermore, Lange-Faria and Elliot (2012, p, 195) shared the same opinion with Poynter about the term of social media, the authors concluded a key concept of social media is allowing users sharing, ever-changing, updating and disseminating information. It seems that social media permit users to crate, distribute and share their own content, and also can find or receive feedback in directly. In other words, the term of social media refers to a variety of media t hat people use to communicate online in a social way (Scott, 2010, cited in Nguyen Wang, 2011, p, 18). According to research provided by Kaplan and Haenlein (2010, p, 63) point out that play on level of social presence and media richness, and level of self apocalypse and self presentation, social media composed of six types, namely blogs, social networking websites, (i.e. Facebook), content communities, (i.e. YouTube), virtual game worlds, collaborative projects and virtual social worlds. Currently, microblogs, such as Twitter, has rick the member of social media. In general, Lange-Faria and Elliot (2012, p, 195) claimed, organize social media into four domains expressing, networking, sharing and gaming.2.2.2 Social media platformsCurrently, widely accepted social media is Facebook and Twitter. These two main social media platforms have some similar characteristics. For instance, both Facebook and Twitter are characterized by member-only and password-protection (Hvass Munar, 20 12, p, 95). However, based on review literature from Hvass and Munar, it can be found that Facebook allow organizations to create groups, official pages and profile, and users can unlimited access to page without requirements from the group administrator. Compare with Facebook, Twitter more emphasis on individuals, through cxl words to wager personal opinion, information, and users can receive responses from others more efficiently. In other words, Twitter has more conversational feature than Facebook. In addition, as the same as Facebook, organizations are able to create their official account on Twitter (Hvass Munar, 2012, p, 95).Though the concept of social media from the West, but also social media in China has a significant development. For various reasons, western social media like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube are blocked in China. However, based on local culture and technologies, China has developed a series of local versions. According to Baran (2011, p, 466) claims, the China equivalents are Qzone and Renren for Facebook, Sina Weibo for Twitter (Weibo is the Mandarian word for microblog), Tudou and YouKu for YouTube. Furthermore, based on the data collected by Sina (2011, p, 1) asserted, Sina Weibo had approximately 140 million active users in 2011, while Renren had 117 million users in 2010 (Colaizzi, 2010, p, 1). Furthermore, in China, current trend is either private or foreign-funded enterprises are tying to use Chinese social media sites to do promotion and marketing. As a research by Xinhua (2011, p, 1) indicated that almost five thousands organizations creative their official accounts in Sina Weibo. In these organizations also include some foreign government departments, such as department of Tourism Australia. As a result, social media in China already take up more attention from Western.2.2.3 Social media in touristrySome studies focus on the role of social media in tourism. Based on research provided by Fotis, Buhalis and Rossides (2012 , p, 14) asserted, potential consumers depend on other travellers experiences during they make a decision. As a result, social media play an active role in tourism. According to Gretzel, Yoo and Purifoy (2007, p, 1) indicated, travellers share and comment travel experiences via social media, which can reduce risk, as well as increase desire and confidence of travellers. In addition, similar to research regorge forth by Zouganeli, Trihas and Antonaki (2011, p, 113) claimed, Social media have a tremendous impact on how tourists nowadays create, organize and consume tourism experiences. It clear that social media are becoming progressively significant in tourism.2.2.4 Tourism promotion in social mediaIn the past, traditional media like advertisements, brochures and films play a significant role in tourism promotion. However, at present using social media is a phenomenon in the world. Compare with traditional media, which is one-way communication channel, social media has participato ry and selectivity functions. In addition, as a research by Diaz-Luque (2009, p, 173) indicated, tradition media allows the transmission of information to large groups. Nevertheless, given the large size of the target audience, this leads inevitably to a communication problem. Furthermore, tourism promotional campaigns in the traditional media regarded as enormous daily routine, which means innovation on tourism promotion has become essential (Gustavo-da, Thyago, Soares Elvas, 2011, p, 1). As a result, either organizations from public to private, or governments aim to invest on social media to march on tourism.Compare with promotion in traditional media, social media might bring some obvious advantages. Based on previous research from Das (2009, p, 1) asserted that there are core elements of social media are low costs, increased number of connections and build credibility. Furthermore, Zhang (2011, p, 6) concluded, different types of social media have some common features, such as explosive transmission speed and immediate broadcast. It seems that depend on these features of social media, tourism organizations and governments might change their tourism promotional campaign from traditional media to social media. At present, the common phenomenon of tourism organizations is using blogs, microblogs, Facebook and YouTube as their promotional tools.In terms of blogs and microblogs. According to Schmallegger and Carson (2008, p, 102) demonstrated, Blogging as a way of promotion is often considered as a cheaper marketing activity than traditional advertising. It seems that tourism blogs are a new channel to introduce places, tourism products and services to customers. Compare with tourism brochures, tourism blogs attract more attention from potential customers. cod to tourism organizations provide interesting content, and customer can share their travel experiences and post comments on the blogs, both tourism organizations and governments use this new way to prom ote products and place. For this reason, as an article by Diaz-Luque (2009, p, 177) indicated, tourism marketers need to understand blog as a new technological phenomenon with implications for marketing and promotion. In term of Twitter, which regarded as microblog, is one type of blogging (Nguyen Wang, 2011, p, 22). Moreover they are concluded that Tweets, which has 140 words, allow users publish the information combine with video, photo and other media contents. Furthermore, Zouganeli, Trihas and Antonaki (2011, p, 112) pay more attention on the role of Twitter in promotion, it can be found that Twitter provides the chances for tourism organizations to interact with current or potential customers. In late(a) time, according to researchers provided by Nguyen and Wang (2011, p, 26) supported some countries, such as Sweden, use Twitter and Facebook as national tourism promotional tools.In a few previous researches found that Facebook as a tourism promotional tool. Slivar (2009, p, 5 2) mentioned, depending on the primary aims of Facebook is socialization, Facebook can use as promotional way to directly feat on customers. In this article, using the example to analysis Facebook pages and groups whether can help tourist agencies to promote their products and services.There is no doubt the fact that social media is changing the way of tourism promotion. Reino and Hay (2011, p, 2) pointed out that using brochures to sell tourism products is rapid coming to an end, as the static visual image of a product, icy in time, are no longer enough to excite potential tourists. As a result, YouTube provides a real sense of where tourists want to visit. Through cover videos share or upload by other tourists, potential customers can acquire the real sense of visual images. In addition, YouTube allow organizations to uploaded videos into their official account. As a result, YouTube, which is a new tourism promotional tool, attracted more attention from tourism organizations an d governments. It clear that with rapid development of technologies, social media sites like blogs (micro blogs), Facebook and YouTube play an increasingly significant role in tourism promotion.

Conflict Management in the Workplace: Causes and Effects

Conflict Management in the Workplace Causes and EffectsINTRODUCTIONWhat is meshing?Conflict is a process that involves race disagreeing. It is unremarkably a process in which ace party perceives that its interests be being opposed or negatively affected by an other party. Conflict could be created referable to different opinions of the fire parties, or due to the show of authority that some of the involved parties might fork out.It peck be separated in substantive conflict and emotional conflict. Substantive conflict is a disagreement oer ends or goals and the means for their accomplishment. Emotional conflict is usual coming out over determineing of anger, mistrust, fear, etc. In addition, conflict may be classified in three typesIntra personalized conflict, interpersonal conflict and intergroup conflict.TYPES OF conflictIntrapersonal ConflictIntrapersonal conflict arises in spite of appearance a person. It is a fight you have to give with your ego, in front of severa l solutions for a decision you have to take. For example, if you atomic number 18 a sales handler and you atomic number 18 in front of a deal that you have to make on beat with a customer, you might have to decide, either to c drop it consort to your ac social clubs usual policy, or based mostly on your customer considers. In this causality you are facing an intrapersonal conflict. To be more specific, in case you hold on with the first choice you will be ok with your company, unless you may disappoint your customer and this trick cause problems either in your personal kind with him, or in your sales volumes. If you follow the second option, and so you might have problems with your company, but you will probably improve your relationship with your customer and as a result the sales volumes as well. But, of course, youre taking a considerable risk, in case the sales results will not come as you have planned. This example could be a typical, usual, daily intrapersonal co nflict of many employees in several organizational environments.Interpersonal ConflictMany companies suffer because of interpersonal conflicts, due to high competition (internal or external), different personalities of those who are decision makers in a company, authority showing, etc.Interpersonal conflict is arriving between colleagues, CEOs, boards of director, etc. and in reality advise be created in any level of a company. It is a usual reason which tends employees to resign. We have all faced during our functional experience colleagues and managers fight individually other. Most of the times these fights or strong disagreements slip by to problematic relationships between staff and finally in resign of those that dont want to go a step back. It is burning(prenominal) to refer that according to one research, 31.9% of CEOs quitted from their jobs, because they had conflicts with the board of directors. (Whitehouse, K. 2008, January 14).CEOs of competing companies might t oo have public conflicts. For example, in 1997, Michael Dell was asked what he would do astir(predicate) Apple Computer. What would I do? Id shut it down and give the money back to shareholders. Ten years later, Steve Jobs, the CEO of Apple Inc., indicated he had clearly held a grudge as he shot back at Dell in an e-mail to his employees, stating, Team, it turned out Michael Dell wasnt perfect in predicting the future. base on todays stock market close, Apple is worth more than Dell. (Haddad, C. 2001, April 18).Intergroup ConflictIntergroup conflict takes place among different groups. fictitious characters of groups may include different departments in a company, employees and attention, or competing companies in a market. Departments may conflict over budget planning. For example marketing budget or equipment budget usually creates a striking conflict between marketing or production management or the general management.Employees and management may disagree on work rules and pr ocedures.Suppliers may conflict with each other on the quality of erects, or in the pricing policy theyre promoting in the market.For example, we will refer below a typical restriction issue when a joint venture between dickens airline companies has taken placeCanadian transmit and Air Canada pilots were facing long destination personal and legal conflicts when the two airlines seniority lists were combined undermentioned the merger Seniority. This fact is a valuable and scarce resource for pilots, because it helps to determine who flies the newest and biggest planes, who receives the silk hat flight routes, and who is remunerative the most. In response to the loss of seniority, former Canadian Air pilots picketed at shareholder meetings, threatened to call in sick, and had ongoing conflicts with pilots from Air Canada (Stoykewych, R. E. 2003, March 7).POTENTIAL CAUSES OF CONFLICTOrganizational StructureConflict can be created depending on the organizational Structure that a corporation follows. For example, if a company uses a matrix structure as its organizational form, it will have decisional conflict built in, because the structure specifies that each manager report to two bosses (Jaffe, D. 2000).For example, ball-shaped company ABB Inc. is organized around a matrix structure based on the dimensions of country and industry. This structure can lead to confusion as the company is divided geographically into 1,200 different units and by industry into 50 different units. (Taylor, W. 1991, March-April).Employees Benefits differentiationResources offered from corporations as extra benefits to their employees such as money, time, and equipment are often a problem. Competition among people or departments for different benefits is a frequent cause for conflict. For example, cars, mobile phones, credit cards, laptops are benefits that are offered not in all the employees, or not with the identical value. For example salesmen might have different car accord ing to their position in the company. This small issue can cause big conflicts. Differentiation in salaries of people in the same position level, but with different performance can as well create conflicts. compassionate beings are incessantly jealous and feel unfair.Task InterdependenceTask interdependence could be another cause of conflict. This issue is coming when your success or your operation in your objectives is also depending on other people performance. For example, when you are a project engineer and you have to complete a building construction in timelines with the correct way and the planned resources, it might be a big success for you, but you have to be supported for example, from the electrician, the plumper, the builder, the supplier of the materials, etc. If you lose control, you will probably have big conflicts with all your above coordinators.Incompatible GoalsSometimes conflict arises when two parties think that their goals are exclusively in their responsibi lities. inside an organization, incompatible goals often arise because of the different ways department managers are approaching them. For example, a sales manager who s bonus system depends on sales figures, believes that he has to offer higher credit periods in a big client, in order to earn bigger sales volumes. But the monetary manager whose bonus terms, might depend on how fast the clients pay their amounts is disagreeing with this option. Then these two managers may conflict each other, because they focussing on their personal interests and not on the companys putting surface goal. Unless this issue is not resolved with the intervention of someone who has the authority to overlap those two, they might continue conflict without coming up to a solution.Personality DifferencesPersonality differences among personnel are some function common and usual. Many times youre arguing with your colleagues, because you see things and issues in different way based on your ethics and your growing environment. Matching of the personalities and team spirit is a difficult thing, through a corporation and needs a special care from the Human Resource management department.Communication ProblemsIn many occasions conflict arises out of problematic communication system, such as unread-forgotten emails or dealing with people who dont give feedbacks in your inquiries, or they often forget to reply. Then conflicts are a typical result, usually from the involved parties who try to drop the fault each one in the other. Consequently, many working hours are lost in finding where the mistake in the communication history was.OUTCOMES OF CONFLICTConflict can be dysfunctional if it affects negatively an organization, leads to low performance, or in the worst case, to workplace violence. To understand how to get to a positive effect of conflict, we first need to understand its causes, consequences, and tools to help manage it. If conflict is too low, then performance is low. If conflict is too high, then performance also tends to be low. (www.flatworlfknowledge). The positive thing is to keep conflicts in the middle of this thin line. Most of us might have the opinion that it is quite strange to try in leave conflicts active in middle levels, but as we will see in the following paragraphs, we can definitely have positive outcomes.Positive outcomes include the followingCreation of bigger range in quality ideasIdentifying and bring in the surface the dark inaccurate casesClarification of individual views that build learning gain of participation and creativenessMotivate your employees in participate in useful discussions and improve their negotiations skills within healthy proceduresExamples of negative outcomesIncreased stress and anxiety among personnel, which guide in low performance and personal satisfactionFeelings as being defeated and humiliated, which affect negatively individuals moraleA mistrust climate, which reduce working relationships, collaboration a nd teamwork.CONFLICT STAGESLatent Conflict. Latent conflict is visible conflict waiting to happen.Felt Conflict. Felt conflict is experienced as discomfort and tension.perceived Conflict. Perceived conflict is the awareness that we are in a conflict situation.Manifest Conflict. After conflict is perceived and felt, it may or may not become open, or manifest.Conflict Aftermath. Conflict is likely to breed more conflict and, when it does, that conflict is likely to take on a life of its own. (Gholipour A. 2006).CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLESEveryone in his personal life has his own style in facing conflicts. In the following paragraphs you can see the most well know frequent and usual approaches in conflict management.AvoidanceAvoidance is a conflict style, where the involved parties or groups are pretending that everything is fine, while inside of them they feel that there is a serious problem. Avoidance can also be an occasion where some of the parties are quitted from the conflict iss ue, not so much interested in find the solution, since it might considered from their side as a non personal obligation, or because they unlike the other parties opinion. In low levels and not so principal(prenominal) issues, this style can be sometimes a good solution, but usually it finally guides in bad working environment and relationships.AccommodationThe suit style of conflict management is more cooperative than the previous one. In this style, the one party offers or accepts, what the others believe that it is correct. This type of person is usually afraid(predicate) to argue with their opponents because either they believe that they will destroy their relationships with them, or they feel that they will not come up to a solution. We can say that from one side theyre giving up their proposals. This style is a good way to manage conflicts, but you might lose proposals or ideas, which could be interesting from the person that always go a step back in front of the most domina nt persons.CompromiseThe compromising style is always referred as the middle-level solution. In this style all the involved persons are giving a little of them in order to come up in the best solution. We can say that it is a kind of bargaining. It is a quite effective in overpass conflicts usually without negative outcomes.CompetitionPeople often show a competitive style to in order to achieve their goals or to perceive the other parties following their ideas. Competition may create bad relationships with others, if one is always trying to maximize his own outcomes at the expense of others well-being. This approach may be effective if one has strong moral objections to the alternatives or if the alternatives one is opposing, are unethical or harmful. (www.flatworldknowledge.com)CollaborationCollaboration is a conflict management style that is almost similar to effective negotiation or to win-win solutions. In this occasion both of the involved parties may conflict each other, but t hey always try to find the best solution, which can satisfy all of them and also serves the common goal. For example if an employee is performing well in his job obligation and he is asking to attend an MBA program in order to improve more his management skills, then he may ask from his company to pay the program for him. Then the manager can propose to him Yes I will pay your MBA program, but you have to stay 2 years more in the company, after you will have finished it. Otherwise you will return back our paid amounts. It sounds like a fair solution for both of the sides.APPROACHES TO CONFLICT RESOLUTIONChange the Composition of the TeamIf the conflict is between colleagues then a good solution could be, separating the personalities that are creating the biggest problems. In circumstances where conflict is attributed to the widely different styles, values, and preferences of a small number of members, replacing some of these members may resolve the problem. If thats not possible bec ause everyones skills are needed on the team and substitutes arent available, consider a physical layout solution. Research has shown that when known antagonists are seated directly across from each other, the amount of conflict increases. However, when they are seated side by side, the conflict tends to decrease. (Howat, G., London, M. 1980)Create a Common Opposing ForceGroup conflict within a corporation can be reduced by turn their attention on a common enemy such as the competition. For example, two product managers might argue in which of their two products are going to spend more marketing expenses, each trying to get more resources in order to promote more his product to the market. Then instead of fighting each other, it would be better someone to turn them in focusing on a competitive product and get them responsible how to develop their products together, much more than the competition to the market.Consider Majority RuleGroup conflict can be dramatically reduced by using the traditional majority rule process. In this case every one of the involved parties is proposing an idea and then all together vote in order to choose the one with the higher votes. Majority rule could be a creative process, but it has to be followed always with creative discussions and not operating as an easy solution for decreasing conflicts, through groups or persons. Sometimes it has negative outcomes, when most of the times the same persons ideas frequently pass. Then the other members of the procedure might feel that something unfair is going on, as for example the cliques creation between persons that voting all the time their personal ideas.Problem SolveProblem solving is a common approach to resolving conflict. In problem-solving mode, the individuals or groups in conflict are asked to focus on the problem, not on each other, and to uncover the root cause of the problem. This approach recognizes the rarity of one side being completely right and the other being completel y wrong. (www.flatworldknowledge.com).CONCLUSIONSummarizing all the above described in this assignment, we can easily realize that conflict management is a very important issue in workplace. We cannot evaluate how it could be solved, or which is the best way to manage or approach to its resolution. It would be definitely positive for companies to set up conflict policies, so they can control better such problems. But the assured thing is that, even policies would be set up, every manager, every employee has to be careful and try to take advantage of the positive effects that conflict can give. Thus, in order to achieve this, everyone has to do it with his own style, since he has to align his behavior depending on the working environment he is occupied. If we think again that conflict guides in violence in workplace, but can guide also to creative solutions, integrative negotiations, passion for participating in problems solving, we have to individually think and drive ourselves at the positive part of conflict results.REFERENCESWall, J. A., Callister, R. R. (1995). Conflict and its management. ledger of Management, 21, 515-558.Michaels, D., Power, S., Gauthier-Villars, D. (2006, October 10). Airbus CEOs resignation reflects companys deep structural woes. Wall Street Journal, pp. A1-A10.Whitehouse, K. (2008, January 14). Why CEOs need to be honest with their boards. Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition, pp. R1-R3.Haddad, C. (2001, April 18). Why Jobs and Dell are always sparring. Business Week Online. Retrieved May 1, 2008, from http//www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/apr2001/nf20010418_461.htm Markoff, J. (2006, January 16). Michael Dell should eat his words, Apple chief suggests. New York Times. Retrieved January 19, 2007, from http//www.nytimes.com/2006/01/16/technology/16apple.html.Stoykewych, R. E. (2003, March 7). A note on the seniority resolutions arising out of the merger of Air Canada and Canadian Airlines. Paper presented at the American Bar A ssociation Midwinter Meeting, Laguna Beach, CA.Baron, R. A. (1989). Personality and organizational conflict Type A behavior pattern and self-monitoring. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 44, 281-297.Bergman, T. J., Volkema, R. J. (1989). Understanding and managing interpersonal conflict at work Its issues, interactive processes and consequences. In D. M. Kolb J. M. Kolb (Eds.), privy conflict in organizations (pp. 7-19). Newbury Park, CA Sage.Howat, G., London, M. (1980). Attributions of conflict management strategies in supervisor-subordinate dyads. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 172-175.www.flatworldknowledge.com

Fire, Brimstone, and Greener Pastures for Religious Involvement :: Free Essays Online

Fire, Brimstone, and Greener Pastures for Religious InvolvementLacking the ready opportunity to visit a unique congregation tour stuck, carless, on campus over break, I instead focus on a field trip that my churchs Sunday School class besidesk one Sunday aurora last summer. Picture if you will a group of white Presbyterian teenagers hopping into a shiny church van and cruising 15 minutes south, into the poorer, blacker reaches of inner- city Memphis (where neighborhood segregation is bland very much the rule). Our destination was relatively near our feature church, and yet worlds apart, too. Ours was the area of stately old homes with well-kept lawns along oak- and elm-lined streets, homes filled with the genteel, white urbanites of the city. A mere handful of blocks to the south, however, lay a land of equally old but far more poorly maintained homes, streets long since denuded of whatsoever trees they may once have sported. We had left our comfortable zone of neighborhood wat ches and block clubs, choosing instead to spend our worship hours in a part of the city instead known for its special police precinct and its multitudinous economic redevelopment zones. Thus did we find ourselves at the Tabernacle Missionary Baptist Church. Venturing inside, we all noticed deuce things very quickly we were at once wearing entirely too much clothing to be comfortable in the sweltering heat, and entirely too little to fit in with the rest of the congregants assembled. And yet we were welcomed with open arms. We had arrived, the Reverend Rogers L. Pruitt emphasized as we filed into the sanctuary, on a very special day. As he distributed bulletins and hearty handshakes to the rest of the group, I noticed that the front of mine read Fragment Day. As I looked around the modest sanctuary, I wondered what the service had in store for us. The sanctuary was bare, and the pews hard. I mentally tallied a comparison between my own churchs sanctuary and this. The two, I found, we re similarly austere, but with theirs tending toward items of religious kitsch and our own tending instead towards polished brass. Both lacked stained glass in the windows. I suspected, however, that where our sanctuary was plain in token tribute to the long-dead strict cloud of our Calvinist tradition, theirs was bare because it could not economically be otherwise. And the lack of air conditioning Memphis summer heat is unbearable and pervasive, and a roof overhead does zip against the big blanket of humid air.

What Means What :: essays research papers

Who Said What MeansAsk yourselves these questions before you read Kincaids Girl, Do you k at one time what a woman of the house is, being a student or child, getting advice from an elder, and being called something that you are non? What is this novels about is it a point at all or average a verse in essay form? What kind of mood are you in secure now to decipher this story in your give birth words? The story depends on the mood you are in and transplant the whole perception of this story. then(prenominal) again, isnt that what writing is about to begin with? stand for the story as Mr. Hass told us to do, I did, only I analyzed it as a poem looking for an underlying meaning. There had to be ofttimes more(prenominal) than what there than what was told to us. I had a totally different perception. After the discussion, it seemed relevant for me to understand the story in a different way. entirely, I belief it was a mother to daughter talk. The daughter talk (my interpret ation of the narration) was commands that her mom was saying. The advice told to her was not to become a slut, which was repeated several times in this story. But the question I ask you is, this pledge situation in the girls life, or was it a recollection of one that she had before with her mother? Is this story taking place in present time or in the past? It could be in the present with a young girl but I also came to the conclusion that this could be in the past and the italicized words could keep repeating in her mothers forgotten speech. Now is when she needs her mothers comfort and not only that what she wished at the time of the talk. In the other perspective though it could be in the present time and just be recalled by the narrator to opens ones imagination to make them draw their own conclusions.Is story a poem or is it a story, isnt this story just a page with sentences making thoughts about a person to another person. Well that is what I got out of it and now I can only get more confused thinking of it, the story is so broad anyones interpretation could be perceived as correct. Not only that the story can change with each person, it also changes with the readers mood at that point time, not only that try to analyze it and your wit just wonders with the choices that Kincaid gives you.What Means What essays research papersWho Said What MeansAsk yourselves these questions before you read Kincaids Girl, Do you know what a housewife is, being a student or child, getting advice from an elder, and being called something that you are not? What is this storys about is it a story at all or just a poem in essay form? What kind of mood are you in right now to decipher this story in your own words? The story depends on the mood you are in and change the whole perception of this story. Then again, isnt that what writing is about to begin with? Interpret the story as Mr. Hass told us to do, I did, but I analyzed it as a poem looking for an underlying meaning . There had to be much more than what there than what was told to us. I had a totally different perception. After the discussion, it seemed relevant for me to understand the story in a different way. But, I thought it was a mother to daughter talk. The daughter talk (my interpretation of the narration) was commands that her mom was saying. The advice told to her was not to become a slut, which was repeated several times in this story. But the question I ask you is, this present situation in the girls life, or was it a recollection of one that she had before with her mother? Is this story taking place in present time or in the past? It could be in the present with a young girl but I also came to the conclusion that this could be in the past and the italicized words could keep repeating in her mothers forgotten speech. Now is when she needs her mothers comfort and not only that what she wished at the time of the talk. In the other perspective though it could be in the present time and just be recalled by the narrator to opens ones imagination to make them draw their own conclusions.Is story a poem or is it a story, isnt this story just a page with sentences making thoughts about a person to another person. Well that is what I got out of it and now I can only get more confused thinking of it, the story is so broad anyones interpretation could be perceived as correct. Not only that the story can change with each person, it also changes with the readers mood at that point time, not only that try to analyze it and your mind just wonders with the choices that Kincaid gives you.