Modernisationory vs dependency school

in the altogether(a)izationory vs dependance schoolSGM 1001. INTRODUCTIONThere argon m entirely grounds to fancy the current situation of the argona, where a lot of countries ar downstairs genuine or argon developing, and a sm either(prenominal) portion of the institution, which are the Hesperian countries, are relatively rich and develop. In this essay I discuss the novelization possible action and Dependency Theory and how they came into existence. Also, the contributions made by all the countries and act to develop in their own instruction by the argument raise on the Neo-Marxist theorisers pardons the primings why this persona is relieve present, especially, the trio gentleman countries existence dependent on Western countries. Later, I prepare taken CUBA as an grammatical case to show how it ended its settlement on the western countries, and it may give hope to separate underdeveloped countries. Then the comparison amongst the two theories is d wiz and concluding which one is better.2. DEPENDENCY THEORY aft(prenominal) World war II, delinquent to economic expansion and polarisation inhuman War emerged, and it was and so that Ameri whoremaster social scientists started studying the Third World nations with the purpose of promoting social and political st tycoon and bringing schooling in the economic grammatical construction. (So, 1990, pp.17). However, scholars from made their own theories. It was partly based on the modernization hypothesis which momented in the sub-optimal results, as fountainhead as ending by saying that imperialism has actively underdeveloped the peripheral societies they are sustainment in (Martinussen, 1997, pp.86). Peripheral countries are assumed to be dependent on jam media. modernization School was first criticised in Latin the States, when the joined Nations-Economic missionary station for Latin America went Bankrupt (ECLA).(So, 1990, pp. 91). Overall, beca expenditure of the failur e of the ECLA and the Modernisation School theories declined, it gave invent grow to Neo-Marxist Dependency Theories. First, attempt to redefine dependency speculation from the Third Nations localise of view was done by Paul Baran and Andre Frank. Baran argued that the disinclined or the third world countries were defined by double economies a large sector was under husbandry and a very dinky sector was under industries (Martinussen, 1997, pp.86). The capability to generate economic prodigality and profit margins from agriculture is still minimal (Keet, 2002). Baran articulated the struggle between the classes and their dealings. Also, their impact upon how the economic surplus is been utilised and the provide being distributed which resulted to perform barriers, preventing using. Thus the life-or-death and close to important billet is the conditions of the Third World domain within their country. He let offed solution to destroy dependency on the western countri es by employ a lot of republic interference to promote industrialisation as an arrangement for evolution of early(a)wise industrial sectors (Martinussen, 1997, pp.87). Frank criticised Barans thesis by identifying the causes of underdevelopment. Merchant capitals target metropoles. The satellites exists merely to feed the metropoles based on their requirements. The crucial method to gain more than(prenominal) economic surplus was trade and bastinado system, including both multinational and national exchanges. Frank proposed a solution to eradicate the problem of dependency by de-linking solely from the world market to grow. (Martinussen, 1997, pp.88-89). It at a prison term blamed the external factors, like colonialism, whereas the Modernisation School assumed the intellect behind these countries to be under-developed is bothplacepopulation, culture, and lack of motivation to do anything constructive or little investment. Moreover, Frank argues that the selfsame(pren ominal) process of development in the Western countries immortalises the third world countries to develop (So, 1990). Most of the scholars tried to explain the reason for them to remain backward by focussing on the external factors. They hark back at that place was unequal exchange of economies from the western countries, and their theoretical structure is shopping center versus periphery. wholly the solutions that were proposed include a socialist revolution with a all told or partly staying amodal value from the international system. Based on the incorrupt dependency theories, more observational information was collected from the circumferences point of perspective, non besides from Latin America, but also within Afri asshole and Asian countries. It was very clear that dependency theory alone can buoy non explain all the observations. Martinussen (1997, pp. 93) cites the actual changes in the little developed countries implied great(p)er and greater note between the underdeveloped countries. Therefore, Neo-Marxist theory required an elaborate and expanded version of explanation. 3. MODERNISATION THEORYFor more than 10 years, till the late 1960s, modernization theory was very popular among the social science. The concept was used in order to explain the changes which pull up stakes finis for a long measure due to this theory. It also criticised the Marxist theory on dependency and discussed the difference in cold war and explained how the new independent countries should progress. aft(prenominal) this, in the next 20 years, the concept of modernisation theory and its understanding was completely changed and had be reckon the target of criticism. Most of the plurality did not accept any theory, but at that place were many a(prenominal) of them who preferred Neo-Marxist theory puts the blame on the get together States for close to of the countries to remain underdeveloped. Many pack started ignoring the modernisation theory without m entioning any efforts that could be made to apply this theory systematically. As the frosty War ended, modernisation theory was once more brought into picture. It was only to reduce the salary increase dis markment over globalisation. Some argued that the fall of communism was one of the reasons that quit the requirements which were specified in the theory, while differents replied that other abrupt changes in Russia and other countries playing period out the theory to be price. What was the reason that proved modernisation theorists wrong? Was it the failure of the socialist model or the failure of the economic advice? Later, debates roughly globalisation pointed out umteen of the same issues as modernisation theory. After almost 50 years, the theory was again brought into the limelight, social scientists are again working on the positives and negatives of the theory and opening it to the outside world, also on political reform in order to modify capacity of the state and its responsiveness, a breakdown of social barriers, and to improve the know leadge of the state that maximises submerging of information. DefinitionIt is used to inspire by its historical and sociological background. It had been developed by doing a lot of historical research and investigating the effectuate of modernisation that will restrain on the human converse. consort to Giddens (1991), Modernisation means the appearance of modes of social life or organization which emerged in Europe from close the seventeenth century onwards and which subsequently became more or less worldwide in their entice. Modernisation theories explain how the communication and media uses have changed in the traditional and modern societies.After the World War II, there were more or less twenty societies which were regarded as exceedingly efficient and more. Definitions ofmodernised varied from places to places. For close to of them, structural features, such(prenominal) as levels ofeducation, urbanisation, use of sources of energy, and fertility were the airs to decide whether the incident monastic order is modern or no. For others, attitudes described the modernisation of the society, such as secularization, achievement orientation, serviceable specificity in formal organizations, and acceptance of equality in relationships. Core assumptions and statementsModernisation theory has evolved in terce parts. The first part came into existence in the 1950s and 1960s. One tried to contrast the Western styles of living from the other parts of the world, their technological inventions and their exceedingly selective, targeting to only one person at a time, types of communication, their individualist cultures and of individual motivation and achievement (Lerner, 1958 and Schramm, 1964).According to McQuail, (2000, pp. 84), this produced three variants1. Economic development mass media promote the global diffusion of many technical and social innovations that are essential t o modernisation (Rogers, 1962). 2. Literacy and Cultural increase Mass media teaches literacy and other techniques to develop. It encourages a favourable state of mind. E.g. finding a management to live a life beyond the traditional way.3. home(a) identity development Mass media helps support the national identities and democratic elections in the newly created colonies.Most of these theories have been criticised as they were pro-western bias. The second step of modernisation theory is a part of the critical theory that was popular in the 1970s and 1980s. This part does not join hands but it criticises the influence of the western countries on the other countries. This is held to be an instance of Western heathenish and fiscal imperialism or authority. (Schiller, 1976).The third step of modernisation theory which move up in the 1990s is the theory of late, or post modernity. It tries to not be in favour or against the modernisation of the westerns. In fact, it attempts to era dicate the differences in the process of modernisation and explains the results of modernity for individuals in contemporary society (Giddens, 1991a, b). Giddens showed that modern society is characterised by time-space distantiation and dis-embedding mechanisms. Traditional society is basically a guide on conversation between the people who live close by, whereas, modern societies goes way beyond that and havees out to a number of people and communicate with them done the means of mass media and interactive media. Benjamin Barber tried to explain the differences between the Western and non-Western cultures of the world in hisJihad versus McWorld How the Planet is both fall Apart and Coming Together(1996). This matter of grouping on integration and division in civilisation and in media use is also present in the effort of Meyrowitz (1993) and Van Dijk (1993, 1991/1999). Van Dijk tries to explain the rise of the new media such as computer networks and mobile telephony as importan t tools for modern life. It tries to explain the relationship between all the countries from a historical, sociological, economic and cultural point of view. It gives attention to the role played by the mass media and the new media to help a society develop.4. CASE STUDY ON CUBA THE ersatz MODELCuba has always been a socialist revolution, which was a necessity by the classical dependency school in order to end the dependency. Unexpectedly, the relations with the international countries changed.Partly, because U.S put trammelions on Cuba. This was the reason for Cuba to move strongly towards the Soviet Bloc. This resulted in the exporting of boodle cane and import of petroleum, equipments required in industries, daily bread and butter and agrochemicals (Ros launch and Benjamin, 1994, and Enriquez, 2000). Moreover, 5.4 times more for Cuban sugar cane was paid by the soviets than the market price (Rosset, 2002), providing almost 80% of Cubas foreign exchange (Enriquez, 2000), ther eby promoting dependency of Cuban society. Its positive point was their internal investment to get an excellent education system and a faithful health care system. But, Cubas links with the Soviet Bloc. ended after the end of the Cold War.According to Dr. Funes quoted in Parker, 2002, $8billion/ per disappeared from the Cuban trade and imports were reduced by 75 percent(2002). Other sources claim it to have been cuts of 82% (Rosset, 2002) of its pesticides or over 90% of Cubas fertilizer use (Rosset and Benjamin, 1994, pp. 3). Even more seriously, Approximate pack of the populations caloric intake that was derived from imported beneficials ranged from 44 to 57 percent.(Enriquez, 2000). This indicated victuals deficit for the citizens. Thus Cuba, which was still under the restriction of the U.S, lost all their work partners overnight. They faced the challenge to find other ways to be highly mechanized and industrialised. They wanted to be self sufficient and rely on themselves in its food production to prevent scarcity.Here Cubas social structure proved to be of great ad new wavetage. As they were highly educated and along with state regulation, they started planning which resulted in positive result of the socialist revolution, which is known as The Alternative Model. Although Cuban citizens are still on food ransoms, and food availability had dropped at least to only 60% (Kovaleski, 1999) during the 1991-1995 period, Cuban agriculture has recovered in most areas to the levels of the 1980s (Parker, 2002) and is now world attracter when it comes to knowledge of organic agriculture (Rosset, 2002). Elimination of dependencyWe are told that small countries cannot feed themselves, that they need imports to cover the deficiency of their local agriculture and celluloid farm chemicals, yet Cuba is virtually doing so. We are told that we need the efficiency of big corporate or state farms in order to produce plenteous food, yet we find small farmers and garde ners in the vanguard of Cuba. We hear time and again that international food aid is the answer to food shortages-yet Cuba has found an alternative in local production.(Rosset, 2000)Acknowledged, Cuba has faced real hardship in the 1990s, but it is also an example that the so-called de-linking as outlined by the Dependency School is possible. Proof of the viability of organic agriculture is the other great windfall (Parker, 2002). Also can this Alternative Model be an example for other dependent countries? According to the World System dependency theorists Cuba was already in the semi periphery, because they have educated population who were crucial in its policies for survival. Enriquez (2000) points out the parallel, but s starting timeer process in China and Vietnam, and says that countries of other Soviet Bloc are not experiencing a this difference because they dont have the socialist planning structure. She also explains by going little in advance, claiming that due to the rest rictions put by the U.S change have been positive.On the other hand, Latin America lost a lot of liberty of their power to accord their spending (Anon, 2002), Cuba has proved that even after going through a lot of difficulties, it was capable enough to gain back all the things that it had lost. However, the legal age of the dependent nations do not have a socialist structure in place, also U.S continuous to put restrictions to prevent neo-liberal influences. So Cuba cannot be an appropriate example for these nations but it can encourage them to find their way out of this dependency trap. 5. GLOBALISATION MODERNISATION vs. DEPENDENCYOver the last ten decades many events and situations have occurred throughout the word. This has unnatural not only the places where these events or situations took place but also the media relations, politics and economic factors were affected the world as a whole, due to industrialisation. Some of these situations that have occurred have been positiv e and some were negative. Events that take place In developed and those countries which has the power to influence the other countries, such as the get together States or United state have a tendency to make a large impact on other developing or underdeveloped countries because more relationships are tied through them. This makes countries like the United States and the United Kingdom able to purposely make decisions and direct it in a armorial bearing which is beneficial for them, which is why the way the United States and the United Kingdom conducts its business organisation is criticised so thoroughly. There are some people who believe that this has led to globalisation and this effect is a very better thing and there will be a difference in the social and cultural background in all societies because of industrial capitalism. These kinds of people believe in the modernisation theory which was developed because of globalisation. There are also some people that believe that t his is not a good thing and it can lead to inequality all over the world as the result of historical exploitation of the wretched, underdeveloped societies by rich, and the developed countries. This led to the development of dependency theory. The people who follow this are considered as dependency theoristAccording to my opinion, by in large, I believe that the dependency theory is the way we think and react in terms of globalisation. The modernisation theory states that one thing needed to modernise is infusion or the amalgamation of capitals. I believe that this is all too true, and the more advanced the society becomes, the more they must stay away from others in order to make themselves greater and develop more. At this point the people in the United States use the third world countries or the underdeveloped and developing countries as the way to gain resources that we are exhausting. They get their raw materials, their industry, and even their people from these countries. The other countries and their cultures that decide not to modernise and wants their traditional ways of opinion to be alive are not given any pick by the other countries and cultures. They remain backward as they do not get any choice because the other cultures are going ahead as they are modernising their cultures. The Kung tribes in the Kalahari Desert in Namibia, Botswana and Angola, talks nigh the way they had lost their traditional values in less than one generation because they had lost their land which they needed to exist in this world as hunter gatherers. This is something that will continue happening and I do not believe that there is anything we can do about it only compensate heavily.On the contrary, Dependency theory has an almost exact turnabout outlook on globalisation than modernisation has. It basically attacks the structure modernisation theory, and with some very good reason. The modernisation theory says that globalisation has a positive impact through infusion of capital from the sources received from the other countries. Dependency theory accepts this but censures the words under which it is done. First world countries like America indirectly set standards of developing and underdeveloped countries by making unfair, but unavoidable, deals. These deals are shaped in a particular fashion that seems to be something helpful and which cannot be avoided. One of the very good examples is that can explain dependency theory is about the states of planetary South. They are in desperate need to develop. Development seeks to improve the welfare of people living in conditions of economic and social poverty (Weaver n.d, pp. 112). Why is the ball-shaped South prone to remain in this condition? This is a distrust which has been asked a million times and the answers are given in many different ways. Two interesting theories are used to understand the conditions of spheric South and their development, which are the Classical Economic Theory, which i s also known as the Modernisation Theory and the Dependency Theory. One of these theories explains the need to development and living conditions in the southern countries. According to modernisation theory, there are a few step which can lead to success for each and every country. In Walt Rostow (1962) work on The Stages of Economic Growth A Non-totalitarianism proclamation, a particular pattern for developing has to be undertaken for a country to become successful, profitable, sophisticated, and have a modern economy, which in turn, will enrich the lives of the citizens in that particular country. This is a very systematic theory. It says that if you do this then only you will become successful and modern. It is demonstrated by Mahler 45 that there needs to be preconditions for development, and thus leading to mass-consumption. The part that is not included in this theory assumes that all countries will follow the exactly same predetermined way to development. Too many variables i ntercede between that will affect the ability of a state to develop. For example, Mexico faces a lot of hassle to develop as it is geographically destined due to the deserts, forests, and mountains. Approximately bakers dozen percent of Mexicos land is arable, as well as, there are no big rivers inMexico, it becomes all the more difficult to have a good economy. These factors increase the difficulty level for Mexico to develop because it constrains transportation, which directly affects the ability to export and import goods efficiently and profitably.If the states in the orbiculate South follow the steps of modernisation, there is no guarantee that they will develop. It can be argued that having a rigid set of rules and regulations to follow will not make you reach to the decided destination. One important and sometimes neglected barrier to development could be the geographical condition. However, there are other variables that can restrict a country from developing. As stated i n A Global Agenda Issues Before the 54th ecumenical Assembly, Underlying all these initiatives for development is the assumption that poverty eradication and good governance are inseparable, because good governance brings about a proper balance among state action, the private sector, civil society, and the communities themselves (Tessitore n.d, pp. 105). The reason is that if a countries leadership is very poor, it will directly affect its ability to develop. Take for instance Saddam Husseins country could not develop because all the wealth that was collected by the people was kept by him. peradventure if Hussein would have used the wealth in a good way in his country, by encouraging invention and better education, then probably his country could have developed long back. Also in India, the political parties and the government are very corrupt. They can be slow bribed. Most of the taxes that people pay go in the pockets of the politicians and the government. If this was not the case in India, and if they had strict rules on bribing, then India would have been one of the developed countries. In relation to modernisation theory, the states in the Global South should create situations which can improve production and free trade, as well as enhance the internal characteristics, for example, removing illiteracy, improving the communication and infrastructure problem, as well as what the Asians did, popularly known as Asian Tigers, by improving their transportation which improved their ability to import and export goods efficiently, proved that export-oriented ontogenesis was possible.Dependency theory became popular in the 1970s(Kegley n.d, pp. 226). According to the dependency theory, the states in the North exploit the states in the South. One main reason for this can be that the southern states are highly dependent on the wealth earned by the northeasterlyern states therefore this unable them to advance, because of the vicious bunch that then ensues. An e xample of this bad circle can start with a country being economically unstable. They allow a multinational community to set up a branch in one of their cities. This increases stage business opportunities for the people of that city. But the people are hired for very low salary. Then the products that are produced are bought by the northern states, which in turn stop the southern states mass-consumption abilities. This is one of the generalized ways that the south gets put-upon and remains underdeveloped by the north and the multinational corporation that had set up their branches in the cities of the southern states and come out making colossal amount of profit at the expense of desperate people who are just trying to survive and are willing to work for pennies.For example, all the multinational companies have their customer service centres in India, as it is a developing country. There are huge amount of people who are unemployed and are willing to work even during the nights fo r pennies for the multinational companies. All the services provided to people in the north with any difficulty is provided by these people working in the particular customer service centres. According to dependency theory, underdevelopment is the reason of the development of capitalism. A significant example could be Latin America and the United States. The following quote from the preface to the incline edition (1979) the persistence of Dependency and Development in Latin America by Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Prentice Hall and Enzo Faletto(2003), somewhat details this dependency issue, In order to go ahead with economic expansion, a dependent country has to play the interdependency game, but in a position convertible to the client who approaches a banker even if the dependent country becomes less poor after the first loan, a second one follows. In most cases, when such an economy expands, its roots have been planted by those who appreciation the lending notes. Thus, leading to the conclusion, that in order for global south to develop, the capitalistic system will have to break down completely in relation to the dependency theory. Of course, dependency theory did not take backward societies who are not dependent into consideration. Therefore, after considering all factors of dependency theory, it can be concluded that theory by itself cannot explain or improve the economical conditions and life of the citizens in the global south. It is very clear that some states in the south are completely dependent on the states in the north and they end up being exploited by the north and are caught in the cycle of debt which is never-ending and continues to grow with no way to escape, making them more and more dependent on the northern countries. It is also very clear that modernisation theory neglected the fact that not every state will develop in the same way or in the same period of time. It doesnt give justice to explain the lack of assumed decreasing profit of t he people that is described in the theory.6. CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, the concept of educating citizens and improve the other internal characteristics, it would seem to lead to an improved life for the citizens. Also by becoming less dependent on wealthier and developed nations would help to improve the lives of the citizens in the Global South. Indeed, there are differences in the theoretical approach to the problem of development. General consensus on the practical problem are, those on the Left and Right agree that the growth rate achieved by under-developed countries after forty years of international assistance is less than satisfactory, if not disappointing (Mahler n.d, pp. 59). Modernisation theory, however, hypothesises and predicts better than dependency theory. It is a model for some sort of success, based on the description of success by the western capitalistic countries.REFERENCES Anon. (2002).La economia de America Latina y el Caribe cay en 2002. Press release CEPAL, United Nations, 18 December 2002. era accessed 25-11-2009. Barber, Benjamin and Schulz, Andrea. (1996)Jihad versus McWorld How the Planet is Both travel Apart and Coming Together. spic-and-span York Ballantine Books Development versus Dependency theory. RevisionNotes.Co.Uk. Mar. 29, 2007. Dijk, J.A.G.M. van (1993b).Communication Networks and Modernisation.Communication Research,20(3), pp. 384407. Dijk, Jan van (1991/1999).De Netwerkmaatschappij, Sociale aspecten van nieuwe media.Houten Bohn Stafleu en van Loghum/London, Thousand Oaks, untested Delhi Sage Publications. Enriquez, L.J. (2000).Cubas New Agricultural Revolution. Development report no 14. Date accessed 17-10-2009.Giddens, A. (1991a).The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford (Cal) Stanford University Press, Oxford Basill Blackwell, Cambridge civil order Press. Giddens, A. (1991b).Modernity and egoIdentity Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge Polity Press. Keet, C.M. (2002).Agriculture and Development, Uni versity of Limerick. Pp. 9. Kegley, Charles W. World political relation Trend and Transformation. 11th ed. United States Thomson Wadsworth, 2007. Kovaleski, S.F. (1999).Cuba Urban Agriculture.City Farmer, Date accessed 17-10-2009. Lerner, D. (1958).The Passing of Traditional Society Modernizing the Middle East.Glencoe feverous. The Free Press. Mahler, Gregory S. Comparative Politics An Instructional and Cross- field Approach. 4th ed. Martinussen, J. (1997). Society, State Market A guide to competing theories of development. New York Zed Books. Pp. 386. McQuail, D. (2000).McQuails Mass Communication Theory, 4thEdition,/London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi Sage Publications. Meyrowitz, J. J. Maguire (1993). Media, smirch and multiculturalism.Society 30, (5) 41-8. New Jersey Prentice Hall, 2003. The Persistence of Dependency as a Useful Framework for Understanding Latin America. Center for Latin American Studies. Feb. 10, 2003. Nov 29, 2009. Parker, N. (2002).Cuba Campaign Policy Thin k Tank Releases New Report on Cubas Successful Organic Farms. Global Exchange. 28 January 2002. . Date accessed 17-10-2009. Rogers, E.R. (1962).The Diffusion of Innovations. Glencoe, ILL The Free Press. Rosset, P.M. (2000).Cuba A Successful Case Study of Sustainable Agriculture. InHungry for Profit The Agribusiness Threat to Farmers, Food and the Environment. Magdoff, F., Foster, J.B. and Buttel, F. H. (eds.). New York periodical Review Press. pp 203-213. Date accessed 17-10-2009. Rosset, P.M. (2002).Agricultura Alternativa Durante La Crisis Cubana. FoodFirst, 7 May 2002. Date accessed 17-11-2009. Rosset, P and Benjamin, M (eds.). (1994).The greening of the revolution Cubas experiment with organic agriculture. Melbourne Ocean Press. Pp.85. Schramm, W. (1964).Mass Media and National Development, The role of information in developing countries.Urbana Un